RESUMEN
Allergy and immunological disorders like autoimmune diseases are vastly prevalent worldwide. These conditions account for a substantial amount of personal and social burden. Such illnesses have lengthy, uncertain, and spotted courses with unpredictable exacerbations. A definite tendency for improving the overall quality of life of individuals suffering from such diseases is crucial to tackling these diseases, especially through diet or lifestyle modification. Further, interventions like microbiome-based therapeutics such as prebiotics or probiotics were explored. Changes in the microbial population were evident during the flare-up of autoimmune and allergic conditions. The realization that the human microbiome is a central player in immunological diseases is a hallmark of its potential usefulness in therapy for such illnesses. This review focuses on the intricate symphony in the orchestra of the human microbiome and the immune system. New therapeutic strategies involving probiotics appear to be the future of personalized medicine. Through this review, we explore the narrative of probiotics and reaffirm their use as therapeutic and preventive agents in immunological disorders.
RESUMEN
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA inherited from the mother during fertilization. Evolutionary evidence supported by the endosymbiotic theory identifies mitochondria as an organelle that could have descended from prokaryotes. This may be the reason for the independent function and inheritance pattern shown by mtDNA. The unstable nature of mtDNA due to the lack of protective histones, and effective repair systems make it more vulnerable to mutations. The mtDNA and its mutations could be maternally inherited thereby predisposing the offspring to various cancers like breast and ovarian cancers among others. Although mitochondria are considered heteroplasmic wherein variations among the multiple mtDNA genomes are noticed, mothers can have mitochondrial populations that are homoplasmic for a given mitochondrial mutation. Homoplasmic mitochondrial mutations may be transmitted to all maternal offspring. However, due to the complex interplay between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, it is often difficult to predict disease outcomes, even with homoplasmic mitochondrial populations. Heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations can be maternally inherited, but the proportion of mutated alleles differs markedly between offspring within one generation. This led to the genetic bottleneck hypothesis, explaining the rapid changes in allele frequency witnessed during the transmission of mtDNA from one generation to the next. Although a physical reduction in mtDNA has been demonstrated in several species, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms is yet to be demonstrated. Despite initially thought to be limited to the germline, there is evidence that blockages exist in different cell types during development, perhaps explaining why different tissues in the same organism contain different levels of mutated mtDNA. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the potential mechanisms through which mtDNA undergoes mutations and the maternal mode of transmission that contributes to the development of tumors, especially breast and ovarian cancers.
RESUMEN
Art has been an integral part of the field of medicine, and has served, since the beginning of the time, in its development. This literature review explores the deep relationship between art and medicine through history, and how they are inextricably linked. Even during this current era and evolution, art has found its way in the different aspects of medicine from academic literature, digital health, and medical curriculum. Moreover, the increasing prevalence of mental health disorders, especially in those with chronic diseases, has resulted in art being used as a tool to alleviate symptoms and offer emotional relief. With the emergence of a new era of medicine, art is expected to play a major role in its foundation.
